Elam



 (/ˈiːləm/; Elamite: 𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾 haltamti; Sumerian: 𒉏𒈠𒆠 NIM.MAki; Hebrew: עֵילָם}} ʿÊlām; : 𐎢𐎺𐎩 Ūvja) was an ancient Pre-Iranian civilization centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now and  as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam stems from the Sumerian transliteration elam(a), along with the later Akkadian elamtu, and the haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the. In Elam was also known as Susiana (UK: /ˌsuːziˈɑːnə/, US: /ˌsuːʒiˈænə/; Ancient Greek: Σουσιανή Sousiānḗ), a name derived from its capital Susa.

Quotes

 * My lord has become distressed about the battles in Elam. But the Elamites' grain rations have quickly been exhausted, so do not slacken your forces! Do not fall head first into their slavery, nor follow at their heels!
 * Ishbi-Erra to Ibbi-Suen, Letter from Ishbi-Erra to Ibbi-Suen about the purchase of grain, Correspondence of the Kings of Ur, Old Babylonian period, ca. 1800-1600 BCE, at ; their original date of composition and their historical accuracy are debated.


 * Elam, a raging dog, a destroyer, will not defile E-kic-nu-jal, the sanctuary which covers heaven and earth.
 * Ishbi-Erra to Ibbi-Suen, Letter from Ishbi-Erra to Ibbi-Suen about the purchase of grain, Correspondence of the Kings of Ur, Old Babylonian period, ca. 1800-1600 BCE, at.