Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions

There are many references to  – the religions of Sumer, Babylon, and other early states in Mesopotamia. The spirits of the deceased were known as gidim ( 𒄇) in Sumerian, which was borrowed as eṭemmu in Akkadian. The Sumerian word is analyzed as a compound of either gig "to be sick" and dim3 "a demon", or gi6 "black" + dim4 "to approach". Gidim were thought to be created at time of death, taking on the memory and personality of the dead person. They traveled to the netherworld, Irkalla, where they were assigned a position, and led an existence similar in some ways to that of the living. Relatives of the dead were expected to make offerings of food and drink to the dead to ease their conditions. If they did not, the ghosts could inflict misfortune and illness on the living.

Quotes

 * Unable to stand up, unable to sit down, he laments. Unable to eat, unable to drink, he laments. Held fast by the door-bolt of Namtar, he is unable to rise.
 * About Gilgamesh, The death of Gilgamesh by anonymous, version from Me-Turan,.

To kill Gilgamesh and his city. For if you do not grant me the Bull of Heaven, I will pull down the Gates of Hell itself, Crush the doorposts and flatten the door, And I will let the dead leave And let the dead roam the earth And they shall eat the living. The dead will overwhelm all the living!
 * Father, let me have the Bull of Heaven
 * Inanna to Anu, in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablet VI, ( c. 2100 BCE).


 * A man who does not value his god is thrown out in the desert; his body is not buried and his heir does not provide his ghost with drinking water through a libation pipe.
 * Sumerian proverb from Urim, Text online at,.