Lucan

Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (November 3, 39 – April 30, 65), better known in English as Lucan, was a Roman epic poet. In A.D. 65, at the age of 25, he was charged with treason against Nero, and was commanded to commit suicide.

Despite his short life, Lucan is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of the Imperial Latin period. His youth and speed of composition set him apart from other poets. His epic poem Bellum Civile (or Pharsalia) deals with the civil war between Julius Caesar and Pompey.

Pharsalia

 * English quotations from translations by Brian Walters (Hackett Publishing, 2015), Matthew Fox (Penguin Classics, 2012), Susan H. Braund (Oxford World's Classics, 2008), Jane Wilson Joyce (Cornell University Press, 1993), J. D. Duff (London: 1928), Sir Edward Ridley (London: 1896) and Christopher Marlowe (London: 1600). See also Nicholas Rowe's translation (1718).


 * Bella...plus quam civilia.
 * Wars worse than civil.
 * Book I, line 1 (tr. Christopher Marlowe).


 * Iusque datum sceleri.
 * Legality conferred on crime.
 * Book I, line 2 (tr. J. D. Duff).

contigit; alta sedent civilis volnera dextrae.'' The deadliest wounds are dealt by citizen hands.
 * ''Nulli penitus descendere ferro
 * No—foreign swords could never pierce so deeply.
 * Book I, line 31 (tr. Brian Walters).


 * Invida fatorum series summisque negatum stare diu nimioque graves sub pondere lapsus nec se Roma ferens.
 * It was the chain of jealous fate, and the speedy fall which no eminence can escape; it was the grievous collapse of excessive weight, and Rome unable to support her own greatness.
 * Book I, line 70 (tr. J. D. Duff).


 * In se magna ruunt: laetis hunc numina rebus crescendi posuere modum.
 * Great things come crashing down upon themselves – such is the limit of growth ordained by heaven for success.
 * Book I, line 81 (tr. J. D. Duff).

and no power will tolerate a partner.
 * Nulla fides regni sociis, omnisque potestas inpatiens consortis erit.
 * There will be no loyalty between associates in tyranny
 * Book I, line 92 (tr. Susan H. Braund).


 * Concordia discors.
 * Discordant concord.
 * Book I, line 98 (tr. Matthew Fox).

scire nefas: magno se iudice quisque tuetur; Victrix causa deis placuit sed victa Catoni.'' But Cato better lik'd the side that lost.
 * ''Quis iustius induit arma
 * Which had the fairer pretext for warfare, we may not know: each has high authority to support him; for, if the victor had the gods on his side, the vanquished had Cato.
 * Book I, line 128 (tr. J. D. Duff).
 * Tho. Hobbes's translation:
 * The side that won the Gods approved most,
 * Jane Wilson Joyce's translation:
 * The conquering cause pleased the gods, but the conquered pleased Cato.


 * Stat magni nominis umbra.
 * The mere shadow of a mighty name he stood.
 * Book I, line 135 (tr. J. D. Duff); of Pompey the Great.


 * Sed non in Caesare tantum nomen erat nec fama ducis, sed nescia virtus stare loco, solusque pudor non vincere bello.
 * But Caesar had more than a mere name and military reputation: his energy could never rest, and his one disgrace was to conquer without war.
 * Book I, line 143 (tr. J. D. Duff).

paupertas fugitur totoque accersitur orbe quo gens quaeque perit.'' Fruitful of warriors; and from all the world Came that which ruins nations.
 * ''Fecunda virorum
 * Poverty was scorned,
 * Book I, line 165 (tr. Edward Ridley).

vis erat.''
 * ''Mensuraque juris
 * Might became the standard of right.
 * Book I, line 175 (tr. J. D. Duff).

pellimur e patriis laribus patimurque volentes exilium.''
 * ''Postquam leges bello siluere coactae
 * But silenced now are laws in war: we driven from our homes; yet is our exile willing.
 * Book I, line 277 (tr. E. Ridley).


 * Tolle moras: semper nocuit differre paratis.
 * Make haste; delay is ever fatal to those who are prepared.
 * Book I, line 281 (tr. J. D. Duff).

omnia dat, qui justa negat.''
 * ''Arma tenenti
 * He who denies his due to the strong man armed grants him everything.
 * Book I, line 348 (tr. J. D. Duff).

Laudibus in longum vates dimittitis aevum, Plurima securi fudistis carmina, Bardi.''
 * ''Vos quoque qui fortes animas, belloque peremptas
 * The Bards also, who by the praises of their verse transmit to distant ages the fame of heroes slain in battle, poured forth at ease their lays in abundance.
 * Book I, line 447 (tr. J. D. Duff).


 * Vana quoque ad veros accessit fama timores.
 * Then empty rumour to well-grounded fear gave strength.
 * Book I, line 469 (tr. E. Ridley).

dat vires famae, nulloque auctore malorum quae finxere timent.''
 * ''Sic quisque pavendo
 * Thus each by his fears adds strength to rumour, and all dread the unconfirmed dangers invented by themselves.
 * Book I, line 484 (tr. J. D. Duff).

difficiles!''
 * ''O faciles dare summa deos eademque tueri
 * How ready are the gods to grant supremacy to men, and how unready to maintain it!
 * Book I, line 510 (tr. J. D. Duff).

mens hominum fati; liceat sperare timenti.''
 * ''Sit caeca futuri
 * Let the mind of man be blind to coming doom; he fears, but leave him hope.
 * Book II, line 14 (tr. J. D. Duff).

Crimen erit superis et me fecisse nocentem.''
 * ''Sed quo fata trahunt virtus secura sequetur.
 * But Virtue will follow fearless wherever destiny summons her. It will be a reproach to the gods, that they have made even me guilty.
 * Book II, line 287 (tr. J. D. Duff).

secta fuit, servare modum finemque tenere naturamque sequi patriaeque inpendere vitam nec sibi sed toti genitum se credere mundo.''
 * ''Hi mores, haec duri inmota Catonis
 * Such was the character, such the inflexible rule of austere Cato – to observe moderation and hold fast to the limit, to follow nature, to give his life for his country, to believe that he was born to serve the whole world and not himself.
 * Book II, line 380 (tr. J. D. Duff).

quam fregisse juvat.''
 * ''Non tam portas intrare patentis
 * He would rather burst a city gate than find it open to admit him.
 * Book II, line 443 (tr. J. D. Duff).

thought nothing done while anything remained to do.
 * Sed Caesar in omnia praeceps, nil actum credens, cum quid superesset agendum.
 * But Caesar, headlong in all his designs,
 * Book II, line 656 (tr. J. D. Duff).

aut mors ipsa nihil.''
 * ''Aut nihil est sensus animis a morte relictum
 * Either no feeling remains to the soul after death, or death itself matters not at all.
 * Book III, line 39 (tr. J. D. Duff).

auri nescit amor.''
 * ''Usque adeo solus ferrum mortemque timere
 * So true it is that love of money alone is incapable of dreading death by the sword.
 * Book III, line 118 (tr. J. D. Duff).

Brings danger to his master, not himself.
 * Non sibi sed domino grauis est quae seruit egestas.
 * The hungry slave
 * Book III, line 152 (tr. E. Ridley).


 * Jamque comes semper magnorum prima malorum saeva fames aderat.
 * And now cruel famine came – famine that is ever first in the train of great disasters.
 * Book IV, line 93 (tr. J. D. Duff).

Et quantum natura petat.'' How little nature needs!'''
 * ''Discite, quam parvo liceat producere vitam,
 * '''Learn what life requires,
 * Book IV, line 377 (tr. E. Ridley).
 * Compare: "But would [men] think with how small allowance / Untroubled nature doth herself suffice", Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, B. I, C. 9, st. 15.

quaerendae sibi mortis habet.''
 * ''Vita brevis nulli superest qui tempus in illa
 * No life is short that gives a man time to slay himself.
 * Book IV, line 478 (tr. J. D. Duff).


 * Ignorantque datos, ne quisquam seruiat, enses.
 * Men are ignorant that the purpose of the sword is to save every man from slavery.
 * Book IV, line 579 (tr. J. D. Duff).
 * E. Ridley's translation:
 * The sword was given for this, that none need live a slave.


 * Audendo magnus tegitur timor.
 * Boldness is a mask for fear, however great.
 * Book IV, line 702 (tr. J. D. Duff).

quantum scire licet.''
 * ''Nec tantum prodere vati
 * [She] is not permitted to reveal as much as she is suffered to know.
 * Book V, line 176 (tr. J. D. Duff).


 * Quidquid multis peccatur inultum est.
 * The sin of thousands always goes unpunished.
 * Book V, line 260 (tr. J. D. Duff).


 * Facinus quos inquinat aequat.
 * Crime levels those whom it pollutes.
 * Book V, line 290 (tr. J. D. Duff).

pauperis angustique lares! o munera nondum intellecta deum! ''
 * ''O vitae tuta facultas
 * How safe and easy the poor man's life and his humble dwelling! How blind men still are to Heaven's gifts!
 * Book V, line 527 (tr. J. D. Duff).

pendeat et tantus caput hoc sibi fecerit orbis, saevitia est voluisse mori.''
 * ''Cum tot in hac anima populorum vita salusque
 * When the existence and safety of so many nations depend upon your single life, and so large a part of the world has chosen you for its head, it is cruel of you to court death.
 * Book V, line 685 (tr. J. D. Duff).

causarum series.''
 * ''A prima descendit origine mundi
 * The chain of causes comes down from the creation of the world.
 * Book VI, line 611 (tr. J. D. Duff).

qui, promptus metuenda pati, si comminus instent, et differre potest.''
 * ''Multos in summa pericula misit venturi timor ipse mali. Fortissimus ille est
 * But many are driven to utmost peril by the mere dread of coming danger. He is truly brave, who is both quick to endure the ordeal, if it be close and pressing, and willing also to let it wait.
 * Book VII, line 104 (tr. J. D. Duff).

in manibus uestris, quantus sit Caesar, habetis.'' No more entreat the gods: with sword in hand Seize on our fates; and Caesar in your deeds This day is great or little.
 * ''Nil opus est uotis, iam fatum accersite ferro.
 * Prayed for so oft, the dawn of fight is come.
 * Book VII, line 252 (tr. E. Ridley).

sitque palam, quas tot duxit Pompeius in urbem curribus, unius gentes non esse triumphi.'' Make plain to all men that the crowds who decked Pompeius' hundred pageants scarce were fit For one poor triumph.
 * ''Et primo ferri motu prosternite mundum;
 * One stroke of sword and all the world is yours.
 * Book VII, line 278 (tr. E. Ridley).



quo steterit ferienda loco.''
 * ''Libertas ultima mundi
 * The vulnerable points of Liberty now making her last stand on earth.
 * Book VII, line 580 (tr. J. D. Duff).

quod perit: in totum mundi prosternimur aevum.''
 * ''Plus est quam vita salusque
 * More was lost there than mere life and existence: we were overthrown for all time to come.
 * Book VII, line 639 (tr. J. D. Duff).


 * Coniunx est mihi, sunt nati; dedimus tot pignora fatis.
 * I have a wife, I have sons; all these hostages have I given to fortune.
 * Book VII, line 661 (tr. J. D. Duff).

quae genuit; caelo tegitur qui non habet urnam.''
 * ''Libera fortunae mors est; capit omnia tellus
 * The dead are free from Fortune; Mother Earth has room for all her children, and he who lacks an urn has the sky to cover him.
 * Book VII, line 818 (tr. J. D. Duff).

sed fortuna perit.''
 * ''Vivit post proelia Magnus
 * Pompey lives after his battles, but his fortune has perished.
 * Book VIII, line 84.


 * Quod defles, illud amasti.
 * That which you weep for is what you really loved.
 * Book VIII, line 85 (tr. J. D. Duff).

quos fortuna premit.''
 * ''Dat poenas laudata fides, cum sustinet inquit
 * We praise loyalty, but it pays the price when it supports those whom Fortune crushes.
 * Book VIII, line 485 (tr. J. D. Duff).



qui volt esse pius. Virtus et summa potestas non coeunt; semper metuet quem saeva pudebunt.''
 * ''Exeat aula
 * If a man would be righteous, let him depart from a court. Virtue is incompatible with absolute power. He who is ashamed to commit cruelty must always fear it.
 * Book VIII, line 493 (tr. J. D. Duff).

gentibus.''
 * ''Clarum et venerabile nomen
 * A name illustrious and revered by nations.
 * Book IX, line 202 (tr. H. T. Riley).

The knowledge how to die; next, death compelled.
 * Scire mori sors prima viris, sed proxima cogi.
 * Best gift of all
 * Book IX, line 211 (tr. E. Ridley).

dulcia virtuti; gaudet patientia duris; laetius est, quotiens magno sibi constat, honestum.''
 * ''Serpens, sitis, ardor harenae
 * Serpents, thirst, burning-sand – all are welcomed by the brave; endurance finds pleasure in hardship; virtue rejoices when it pays dear for its existence.
 * Book IX, line 402 (tr. J. D. Duff).

et caelum et virtus? superos quid quaerimus ultra? Jupiter est quodcumque vides, quocumque moveris.''
 * ''Estque dei sedes nisi terra et pontus et aer
 * Has he any dwelling-place save earth and sea, the air of heaven and virtuous hearts? Why seek we further for deities? All that we see is God; every motion we make is God also.
 * Book IX, line 578 (tr. J. D. Duff).

fama bonis et si successu nuda remoto inspicitur virtus, quidquid laudamus in ullo maiorum, fortuna fuit.''
 * ''Si veris magna paratur
 * If great renown is won by true merit, and if virtue is considered in itself and apart from success, then all that we praise in any of our ancestors was Fortune's gift.
 * Book IX, line 593 (tr. J. D. Duff).


 * Ecce parens verus patriae.
 * Behold the true father of his country.
 * Book IX, line 601 (tr. J. D. Duff).




 * Etiam periere ruinae.
 * The very ruins have been destroyed.
 * Book IX, line 969 (tr. J. D. Duff).

praemia civilis, victis donare salutem, perdidimus.''
 * ''Unica belli
 * You have taken from me the one privilege of civil war – the power of granting life to the defeated.
 * Book IX, line 1066 (tr. J. D. Duff).

Quotes about Lucan



 * Lucan is the most philosophical and the most public-spirited poet of all antiquity.
 * Hugh Blair, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres (1784), Lecture XLIV: 'The Pharsalia of Lucan', p. 413


 * The Pharsalia is not sufficiently appreciated—though harsh and irregular I consider it an epic poem of great merit which read on classic ground is by no means uninteresting.
 * Lord Byron, note in his copy of Lucan, as quoted in Ancilla to Classical Reading (1999) by Moses Hadas, p. 355


 * No reasonable judgment can rank Lucan among the world's great epic poets. He does not tell his story well: the successive episodes are neither skilfully connected nor well proportioned. His frequent digressions are often irrelevant and much too long. His geographical descriptions are obscure and wearisome. His account of military operations is hard to follow: he is concise where detail is needed and dwells at length on trivial or irrelevant matters. To him the narrative is of secondary importance: his interest lies elsewhere; the words said matter more in his view than the things done. His power and force are undeniable; but he lacks the chief gifts that a great epic poet must possess. He ventured on one innovation which seemed bold to his contemporaries. He discarded all that supernatural machinery which Virgil had taken over from Homer. The gods play no part in the action; Venus never comes down from Olympus to protect Caesar, her descendant. The later epic poets did not follow Lucan's example in this matter; but there is no doubt that he was right. He was dealing with Roman history and with fairly recent events; and the introduction of the gods as actors must have been grotesque. [...] The truth is, that Lucan is not a poet in the sense in which Lucretius and Virgil are poets; he is read, not for any poetical quality but for his rhetorical invective and his pungent epigrams. His diction and rhythm are monotonous: he makes no attempt to imitate the elaborate harmonies of Virgil. It appears that his purpose is less to charm his readers than to startle them and make their flesh creep; and with this object he has constant recourse to extravagant exaggeration or repulsive detail. Whether he would have written better if he had lived longer we cannot tell; but, for all his faults, he won a high reputation among his own countrymen; and Statius and Martial, writing long after his death, do not scruple to name him as the writer of Latin epic poetry who comes nearest to Virgil.
 * James Duff Duff, Introduction to De Bello Civili (1928), pp. xii–xiv


 * When Lucan's age is considered, it is impossible not to allow that the poem is a very extraordinary one: more extraordinary, perhaps, than if it had been of a higher kind; for it is more common for the imagination to be in full vigor at an early time of life than for a young man to obtain a complete mastery of political and philosophical rhetoric. I know no declamation in the world, not even Cicero's best, which equals some passages in the Pharsalia. As to what were meant for bold poetical flights,—the sea-fight at Marseilles, the Centurion who is covered with wounds, the snakes in the Libyan desert,—it is all as detestable as Cibber's Birthday Odes. The furious partiality of Lucan takes away much of the pleasure which his talents would otherwise afford. A poet who is, as has often been said, less a poet than a historian, should to a certain degree conform to the laws of history. The manner in which he represents the two parties is not to be reconciled with the laws even of fiction. The senators are demigods; Pompey, a pure lover of his country; Cato, the abstract idea of virtue; while Caesar, the finest gentleman, the most humane conqueror, and the most popular politician that Rome ever produced, is a bloodthirsty ogre. If Lucan had lived, he would probably have improved greatly.
 * Thomas Babington Macaulay, remarks (30 August 1835) at the end of his copy of the Pharsalia, as reported in The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, Vol. I (1876), p. 459


 * When I consider that Lucan died at twenty-six, I cannot help ranking him among the most extraordinary men that ever lived.
 * Thomas Babington Macaulay, letter to T. F. Ellis (30 November 1836), in The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, Vol. I (1876), p. 459


 * Lucanus ardens et concitatus et sententiis clarissimus et, ut dicam quod sentio, magis oratoribus quam poetis imitandus.
 * Lucan is fiery and passionate and remarkable for the grandeur of his general reflexions, but, to be frank, I consider that he is more suitable for imitation by the orator than by the poet.
 * Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria (c. 95 AD), X, i, 90 (tr. H. E. Butler)


 * I have also read the four first books of Lucan's Pharsalia, a poem as it appears to me of wonderful genius and transcending Virgil.
 * Percy Bysshe Shelley, letter to T. J. Hogg (22 September 1815), in The Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley in Verse and Prose, Vol. VII (1880), p. 348


 * Exim Annaei Lucani caedem imperat is profluente sanguine ubi frigescere pedes manusque et paulatim ab extremis cedere spiritum fervido adhuc et compote mentis pectore intellegit, recordatus carmen a se compositum, quo vulneratum militem per eius modi mortis imaginem obisse tradiderat, versus ipsos rettulit, eaque illi suprema vox fuit.
 * Next [Nero] ordered the destruction of Marcus Annæus Lucanus. As the blood flowed freely from him, and he felt a chill creeping through his feet and hands, and the life gradually ebbing from his extremities, though the heart was still warm and he retained his mental power, Lucanus recalled some poetry he had composed in which he had told the story of a wounded soldier dying a similar kind of death, and he recited the very lines. These were his last words.
 * Tacitus, Annals 15.70 (tr. A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb)