Mark Bray

Mark Bray is a historian of Modern Spain and the World, focusing on politics, human rights, and transnational history. He is the author of the 2017 book .

Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook (2017)



 * Traditional elites were willing to concede many economic demands to liberals over the following decade in exchange for their abandonment of the revolution.
 * p. 7


 * Although much smaller than their communists and socialists counterparts, the militia Schwarze Scharen (Black Flocks, or Black Troops) was founded in 1929 to protect meetings of the  (FAUD) anarcho-syndicalist union and the Syndicalist-Anarchist Youth. Outfitted entirely in black with matching berets, the Schwarze Scharen paired their Nazi street-fighting with creative propaganda including puppetry, music, and street theater. (The communist and socialist also had choirs, theater, and various forms of .) Although their ranks never exceeded the hundreds, in some towns they represented the main anti-fascist opposition. Nonetheless, their confrontational methods were opposed by some of the FAUD anarchist unionists. As the political atmosphere intensified, the Schwarze Scharen started to store explosives. In May 1932, based on a tip from an informant, their cache was raided. The arrests that followed this discovery, paired with Hitler's rise to power, sealed the fate of the Schwarze Scharen.
 * p. 22