Talk:Condom

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 * Couples should use condoms when having sex unless both sex partners are certain that they are not infected with sexually transmissible diseases. A new condom should be used each time a couple has vaginal or anal intercourse. The condom should be rolled onto the erect male penis and down to its base before the penis contacts the partner's genital or anal area. After intercourse, the male should carefully withdraw his penis before it becomes soft, and while holding the base of the condom onto the penis to avoid semen spillage. The used condom should then be discarded. The closed end of the female condom is inserted into the vagina using either one's fingers or an erect penis. The condom may be inserted with one's fingers at any time from several hours before having sex to immediately before sexual intercourse. The female condom may also be inserted into the anus for use during anal sex. The condom should be removed immediately after sexual intercourse by gently twisting the outer ring and pulling the condom out, making sure to spill no semen. Some condoms are pre-lubricated. However, if lubrication is needed, be sure to use only spermicides or water-based lubricants, since oil-based lubricants will damage latex condoms.
 * “Condoms”, AIDS Action. Mar-Aug 1997;(36-37):16-7.


 * Veteran Vatican analyst John Allen said what was at issue was not abstract moral teaching, but rather concrete pastoral application to a specific set of facts. "If someone were to ask a Catholic priest, 'Is it okay to use a condom?' the answer is still supposed to be 'No'," said Mr Allen, a senior corre-spondent for the US-based National Catholic Reporter. "Catholic teaching holds that to be fully consistent with God's plan, sexuality should occur only inside marriage and should be open to new life. "If the question, however, is, 'I'm HIV positive and will have sex regardless of what the Church thinks, so is it better to use a condom to try to save lives?' the Pope has implied that a pastor might legitimately say 'Yes,' while still stressing that condoms ultimately are not, as Benedict says in his interview, a 'real or moral solution.'"
 * John Allen in BBC News: "Vatican: Pope did not back condom contraception use", BBC, (December 20, 2010)


 * Exposure to all forms of violence may influence the choices that women make regarding contraceptive use. Women’s perceptions and experience of loss of reproductive control may affect their decisions to use contraception, lead to decreased conviction to use condoms, or result in partner control over administration and type of contraception used. Gee et al. demonstrated that, because of difficulties imposed by their partners, women with exposure to intimate partner violence were less likely than nonexposed women to use birth control. Compared with women without violence exposure, women with a history of intimate partner violence reported that their male partners were more likely to refuse to use condoms (21% vs 7%; P < .001) and to refuse to allow contraception (5% vs 1%; P < .001). Women exposed to violence were also less likely than their nonexposed peers to ask their partners to wear condoms (35% vs 56%; P < .001). Finally, previous experiences of abuse, particularly those occurring in childhood, might have an impact on contraceptive choices via alternate pathways including depression, substance abuse, and alcohol use. In light of these findings, women who experience histories of abuse may benefit from contraceptive methods that are independent of their partners.
 * Jenifer E. Allsworth, Gina M. Secura, Qiuhong Zhao, MS, Tessa Madden, and Jeffrey F. Peipert; “The Impact of Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Abuse on Contraceptive Method Selection and Discontinuation”, Am J Public Health. 2013 October; 103(10): 1857–1864.


 * We found that participants reporting lifetime exposure to abuse did not differ from never-abused women in rates of self-reported condom use at baseline. However, women with abuse histories did re-port lower conviction that they would use condoms when depressed, sexually excited, under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or when their partner seemed annoyed about using condoms. This confirms recent findings by Swan and O’Connell that incarcerated women with a history of intimate partner violence reported decreased confidence in their abilities to negotiate condom use.
 * Jenifer E. Allsworth, Gina M. Secura, Qiuhong Zhao, MS, Tessa Madden, and Jeffrey F. Peipert; “The Impact of Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Abuse on Contraceptive Method Selection and Discontinuation”, Am J Public Health. 2013 October; 103(10): 1857–1864.


 * In the 1700s, condoms made of animal intestine were used by the aristocracy of Europe, but condoms were not widely available until the vulcanization of rubber in the 1840s. Modern condoms are usually made of latex rubber, although condoms made from animal intestine are still sold and are preferred by some who feel they afford better sensation. Until recently, condoms in the United States were made with a relatively thick wall (0.065-0.085 mm) to prevent breakage. Japanese condoms as thin as 0.02 mm are now available in the United States. New condoms made from nonlatex materials0such as polyurethane or synthetic elastomers that are thin, odorless, transparent, and transmit body heat-also are available. Although the nonlatex condoms may break more easily than the latex varieties, substantial numbers of study participants preferred them and would recommend them to others (19).
 * Berek, Jonathan S. (ed.). Novak's Gynecology (14 ed.). (2007) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.p.256


 * Increased use of condoms, rather than of a more efficacious contraceptive method, particularly among those who need dual protection from both sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancy, can also result in higher abortion rates. Higher abortion rates are often considered a negative outcome of condom use but, if rates of sexually transmitted diseases, especially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, are reduced by the use of condoms, this should be seen as a positive outcome and good public health policy, provided abortion is safe.
 * Berer M (2000). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2560758/pdf/10859852.pdf "Making abortions safe: a matter of good public health policy and practice". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 78 (5): 580–92. PMC 2560758. PMID 10859852. p.581


 * Benedict said condoms were not “a real or moral solution” to the AIDS epidemic, adding, “that can really lie only in a humanization of sexuality.” But he also said that “there may be a basis in the case of some individuals, as perhaps when a male prostitute uses a condom, where this can be a first step in the direction of a moralization, a first assumption of responsibility.”
 * Pope Benedict XVI, ”Light of the World: The Pope, the Church and the Signs of the Times”, as quoted in Rachel Donadio and Laurie Goodstein; “In Rare Cases, Pope Justifies Use of Condoms”, New York Times, (Nov. 20, 2010)


 * Catholic bishops in Kenya produced this pamphlet which claims: "Latex rubber from which condoms are made does have pores through which viral sized particles can squeeze through during intercourse." We read this to the  World Health Organisation who told us it is: "simply not true".
 * Steve Bradshaw, "SEX and the HOLY CITY", BBC News. Retrieved 2016-02-14.


 * The most authoritative recent report is by the [[w:US National Institute of Health| US National Institute of Health which concluded: "Intact condoms are essentially impermeable to the smallest sexually transmitted virus, and that the consistent use of male condoms protects against HIV/AIDS transmission."   The World Health Organisation insists it is imperative to continue promoting condoms for HIV prevention.
 * Steve Bradshaw, "SEX and the HOLY CITY", BBC News. Retrieved 2016-02-14.


 * We've come across what the WHO calls "The dangerous allegation that condoms let HIV through before."  The Archbishop of Nairobi had put his name to a pamphlet making the claim, and we'd heard the story from Catholics in two other continents, from the Head of the Pro Life Clinics in Manila City.
 * Steve Bradshaw, "SEX and the HOLY CITY", BBC News. Retrieved 2016-02-14.


 * Pope Benedict XVI has said that condom use can be justified in some cases to help stop the spread of AIDS, the Vatican’s first exception to a long-held policy banning contraceptives. The pope made the statement in interviews on a host of contentious issues with a German journalist, part of an unusual effort to address some of the harshest criticisms of his turbulent papacy. The pope’s statement on condoms was extremely limited: he did not approve their use or suggest that the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to back away from its prohibition of birth control. In fact, the one example he cited as a possibly appropriate use was by male prostitutes. Still, the statement was something of a milestone for the church and a significant change for Benedict, who faced intense criticism last year when, en route to AIDS-plagued Africa, he said condom use did not help prevent the spread of AIDS, only abstinence and fidelity did.
 * Rachel Donadio and Laurie Goodstein; “In Rare Cases, Pope Justifies Use of Condoms”, New York Times, (Nov. 20, 2010)


 * Condoms are often found discarded on beaches along with straws, bottles and other trash. About 900 condoms were found on Florida's beaches during a three-hour litter collection campaign in 1996. That's five condoms per minute. After conducting a 10-year study, Tidy Britain Group concluded that more than a third of the trash on west coast beaches arrives from North America. But Brits have little to boast about when it comes to prophylactic pollution. The  British Environment Agency estimates Brits discard 61 to 100 million condoms per year, many of which end up in rivers, the sea and on beaches. This litter not only detracts from shore beauty, it can cover coral reefs and smother sea grasses and other bottom dwellers, according to The Ocean Conservancy. Many animals confuse trash for food and try to eat it. Plastic and other materials can clog animals' intestines, causing them to starve, according to the  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
 * Hightower, Eve; Hall, Phoebe (March–April 2003). "Clean sex, wasteful computers and dangerous mascara – Ask E". E–The Environmental Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2007-10-28.


 * Not only were females who were having sex without condoms less depressed, but depressive symptoms and suicide attempts among females who used condoms were proportional to the consistency of condom use. For females who did not use condoms, depression scores went up as the amount of time since their last sexual encounter increased.
 * Gallup GG Jr, Burch RL, Platek SM. "Does semen have antidepressant properties?", Arch Sex Behav. 2002 Jun;31(3):289-93.


 * As to condoms, many tropical peoples used coverings for the penis for a variety of purposes, such as protection against tropical disease or insect bites, as marks of rank, as amulets, or merely as decoration. A linen sheath was promoted as a specifically anti-venereal disease precaution by the Italian anatomist Fallopius (discoverer of the “Fallopian tubes”), an early authority on syphilis, in 1564. In the eighteenth century these devices were being made of animal membrane, thus waterproof and effective as a contraceptive. By this time, sheaths for the penis were widespread, often given to men by prostitutes, and they had acquired a wealth of charming nicknames and euphemisms: the English riding coat, assurance caps, the French letter, bladder policies, instruments of safety, condoms, cundums, and, of course, prophylactics. Through the mid-nineteenth century, books of home remedies gave instructions for making condoms, as for example: Take the caecum of the sheep; soak It first in water, turn it on both sides, then repeat the operation in aweak ley of soda, which must be changed every four or five hours, for five our six successive times; them remove the mucous membrane with the nail; sulphur, wash in clean water, and then in soap and water; rinse, inflate, and dry. Next cut it to the required length, and attach a piece of ribbon to the open end. Used to prevent infection or pregnancy The different qualities consist in extra pains being taken in the above process, and in polishing, senting, &c.. A few groups used internal condoms for women: in one location women inserted into their vaginas seed pods about five inches long with one end cut off.
 * Gordon, Linda (2002). “The Moral Property of Women”. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02764-7. p.20


 * Condoms were second in popularity to male withdrawal, according to the clinic studies of the 1920s and 1930s. Typically,, 25 to 50 percent of the patients interviewed had used condoms. Slaughterhouse workers made them in large quantities until the 1850s, when the vulcanization of rubber, which made it resistant both to melting and cracking, transformed the condom business. Condoms became easy to make, and the price dropped steadily. Imported skins in the 1830s were as much as $1.00 a piece ($15.50 in 2000 dollars); in the 1850s and 1860s they cost $3.00-6.00 a dozen; and by the mid-1930s they were $1.00 a dozen (12.50 in 2000 dollars). Then after World War I, increased public worry about venereal disease acquired by soldiers and sailors subverted the prudish rejection of condoms. With the introduction of latex, condoms became thinner and cheaper yet, and their sales increased enormously.
 * Gordon, Linda (2002). “The Moral Property of Women”. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02764-7. p.32


 * Condoms are a form of barrier contraception that also prevents the spread of certain STDs. Most condoms are latex consisting of a reservoir tip and base ring that is connected by a thin latex tube. There are a top side and a downside to each condom. When the condom bag is opened, the side where the reservoir tip is pointing up, unimpeded, is the top. To apply, the tip of the reservoir is pinched between two fingers, while the ring is then rolled over the erect penis. To remove grasp the base ring and pull the condom off before erection is lost. Wrap the used condom in a tissue, or tie it off, and dispose of the used condom. Female condoms consist of two rings, one with a closed-end, connected by a tube of latex to the opposite open, larger ring. The index finger is placed in the closed end, which is inserted into the vagina pushing the closed end in as far as possible. This discussion will solely focus on male condoms. The idea of placing material over the penis for barrier contraception has existed since the 15th century in Asia, where oiled silk paper or lamb intestine coverings were secured over the penis glans. In the 16th century in Italy, soaked linen tied onto the glans with ribbon was recorded as being used to prevent syphilis. The first use of the word “condom” was recorded in the 17th century when the English birth rate commission attributed a decrease in the English birth rate to these “condoms.” Rubber condoms were invented in the 19th century with latex condoms following shortly after in the early 20th century. Latex has since been the material of choice for condom manufacturers due to its thin mobility, ease of production, and non-porous nature making it an ideal barrier for semen introduction and STD prevention.
 * William Gossman, Ari D. Shaeffer, Daniel M. McNabb, “Condoms” In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan. 2020 Jan 30.


 * Among the 58% of women having abortions in 1994-1995 who had been practicing contraception during the month they became pregnant, the condom was the method most commonly used. The proportion of women using a condom increased dramatically between 1987 and 1994-1995 among all groups of women having abortions; most of the increased usage replaced reliance on other barrier methods or usage of no method. Among the 42% of women who were not using a contraceptive method when they became pregnant, three-quarters had used one at some time; the majority of these had most recently relied on either the pill or the condom. Fifty-three percent of prior pill users and 76% of prior condom users became pregnant within three months of stopping use. The proportion of abortion patients who have never used any contraceptive method is highest among women who are younger than 18, single women, Catholic women, unemployed women, minority women, those with no religious affiliation, and those with low education and income levels.
 * "Abortion Common Among All Women: Even Those Thought To Oppose Abortion". Guttmacher Institute. 1996. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2011.


 * The origin of the term 'condom' remains an enigma. Plausible hypotheses are that it is derived from either (i) the Latin 'condĕre' (to sheathe) or the corresponding noun 'condus' (receptacle); or (ii) the Venetian variant 'gondon' of the Italian word 'guantone' (glove). The earliest identified mention of a similar barrier method is in the legend of Minos and Pasiphae written (in the 2nd century AD) by Antoninus Liberalis. A penile sheath, made from animal gallbladder, was advocated in the 10th century by the Persian physician Al-Akhawayni. The earliest surviving condoms made of animal membranes date back to between 1642 and 1646. Such 'skin' condoms became increasingly popular for prevention of venereal disease, but as early as the 18th century their value as contraceptives was appreciated. Rubber condoms were available from 1855; since 1930, they are made of latex. We mention, in parallel, the most striking changes over time in sexual mores and behaviours, and illustrate these by referring to colourful figures such as, among others, Boswell, Mrs Philips, Casanova, Marguerite Gourdan, and Richard Carlile.
 * Jean-Jacques Amy, Michel Thiery, “The condom: A turbulent history”, Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2015;20(5):387-402.


 * Across all subgroups, women who became pregnant while using a contraceptive method were more likely to have been relying on male condoms than on any other method (Table 5, page 300). Adolescents younger than 18 were more likely than older women to have been using condoms when they became pregnant (35% of all women in this age-group having abortions), while women in their 20s were the most likely of any age-group to have been using the pill (15%). Women aged 30 or older were the most likely group to have been using methods other than the pill or condom (18%). Only 1% of this age-group were relying on long-acting methods; most had been using less-reliable methods—withdrawal, periodic abstinence or other barrier methods (8%, 5% and 4%, respectively—not shown). Married women and those with college degrees tend to be older than others, and these women were more likely than unmarried and less-educated women to have been using methods other than the pill or condom. Never-married women were more likely than others to have relied on the condom, whereas cohabiting women reported the highest levels of pill use in the month they became pregnant.
 * Rachel K. Jones, Jacqueline E. Darroch, Stanley K. Henshaw; “Contraceptive Use Among U.S. Women Having Abortions in 2000-2001”,Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health, Volume 34, Issue 6, (November/December 2002) p.298


 * The most common reasons women gave for not having used condoms consistently were that they perceived themselves to be at low risk (20%), they lacked a condom (14%) and they did not expect to have sex (13%). Other reasons-were women’s and partners’ lack of inclination to use a condom (6% and 4%, respectively). Eleven percent of inconsistent condom users indicated two or more reasons for not having used condoms regularly (not shown). Some 42% of users reported that they had become pregnant because of condom breakage or slippage.
 * Rachel K. Jones, Jacqueline E. Darroch, Stanley K. Henshaw; “Contraceptive Use Among U.S. Women Having Abortions in 2000-2001”, Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health, Volume 34, Issue 6, (November/December 2002) p.299


 * In 2006, the Pontifical Council for the Health Care Pastoral, led by Cardinal  Javier Lozano Barragán, was asked by Benedict to report on the use of condoms as a way of combating HIV. "The pope is saying that if you can prevent disease, the use of condoms could be permissible," said John Allen, senior correspondent for the National Catholic Reporter. "But this has been in the mix for a while," he argued. "I think Benedict has been thinking this way since 2006, which is why he asked for the commission to look into it. "The problem was not Benedict, it was others in the Vatican who argued that if you said using condoms was OK in certain situations, it would send out the message that they were approved. This was a PR problem."
 * Tom Kington and Ben Quinn, “Pope Benedict says that condoms can be used to stop the spread of HIV”, The Guardian, (20 Nov 2010)


 * Of contraceptive options available to women today, male condom use is the only method that provides both contraceptive efficacy and protection from STDS and HIV. The female condom may also serve both purposes, but adequate data are not yet available. Additional contraceptive options are needed that are female-controlled, that have high contraceptive efficacy, and that, at the very least, do not increase the risk of acquiring HIV or other STDs. Ideally, new female-controlled contraceptives should provide the dual protection from pregnancy and infection offered by the male condom.
 * Harold L. Martin, Jr., Patrick M. Nyange, Barbra A. Richardson, Ludo Lavreys, Kishorchandra Mandaliya, Denis J. Jackson, O. Ndinya-Achola, and Joan Kreiss; [“Hormonal Contraception, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Risk of Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type”], p.1058


 * There is little if any evidence for usage of a condom or sheath during antiquity to prevent conception. The earliest published description appears in Gabriel Fallopio’s  De morbo gallico (Padua, 1563), chapter 89. It was named for a Dr. Condom, physician at the court of Charles II (ruled 1660-1685), and supposedly used extensively by Casanova (1725-1788), who calls it an “English riding coat.” The condom as a birth control device emerged in wide usage only after the vulcanization of rubber in 1844.
 * John M. Riddle, “Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West”, Harvard University Press, 1997, p.5


 * Last year about 60 Catholic groups wrote an open letter to Benedict urging him to reverse the Vatican\'s opposition to contraception. The ban on condoms "exposes millions of people to the risk of contracting the AIDS virus," they said.
 * "Condoms \'not the answer to AIDS\': Pope". SBS News, (23/08/2013)


 * It is also important to note that natural birth control methods which the Catholic Church promotes, and which seem to be the root of this ridiculous claim, were not developed for the Roman Catholic Church but for use in Third World countries. The reason is simple: A condom costs the equivalent of a day's pay for the average Indian rural workman and two days' pay for a working woman. Interestingly, a study of 19,843 Indian women in the British Medical Journal in September 1993 showed conclusively that for these women in their culture and circumstances, natural birth control methods are more effective than are artificial methods in the west.
 * B.M. Scott, “ACTS AMENDMENT (ABORTION) BILL”, Parliament of Western Australia, (May 20, 1998), pp.2834-2835


 * Undoubtedly because of the advent of AIDS and the dissemination of safer sex messages, condom use doubled from the late 1970s/early 1980s to the late 1980s (Table 18)(see also Anderson, 2003; Anderson, et al., 1999; Bankole, Darrocht, and Singh, 1999; Cates, 2001; Douglas, et al., 1997; Graham et al., 2005; Moran et al., 1990; Murphy and Boggess, 1998; and Ringheim, 1993). From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s just over a fifth of women used a condom at the time of their first intercourse. By the mid-1980s this had almost doubled to 42%. Similarly, in 1979 21% of teenage males reported using a condom at the time of their most recent intercourse and in 1988 the level increased to 57.5%.22 Condom use has continued to increase since then (Beckman, Harvey, and Tiersky, 1996; Catania, Binson, Dolcini, Stall, Choi, Pollack, Hudes, Canchola, Phillips, Moskowitz, and Coates, 1995; Catania, Coates, Peterson, Dolcini, Kegles, Siegel, Golden, and Fullilove, 1993; Catania, Stone, Binson, and Dolcini, 1995; Ford and Norris, 1995; Ku, Sonenstein, and Pleck, 1994; Moore, et al., 1992; Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, et al., 1992; Pleck, Sonenstein, and Ku, 1993; Ku, Sonenstein, and Pleck, 1993; Strunin and Hingson, 1992; Piccinino and Mosher, 1998; and Peipert, Domagalski, Boardman, Daamen, McCormack, and Zinner, 1997; Manlove, Ryan, and Franzetta, 2004; Mosher et al., 2005). For example, the YRBS shows that condom use increased for both males and females in the 1990s through 2003 and condom use at last intercourse among never married males 15-19 grew by 10 percentage points from 1988 to 1995 (Table 18). However, while condom use has grown appreciably, it is still far below the general and consistent use called for by safer sex practices (Kost and Forrest, 1992; Pleck, Sonenstein, and Ku, 1991; Potter and Anderson, 1993; Leigh, Morrison, Trocki, and Temple, 1994; Peterson, Catania, Dolcini, and Faigeles, 1993; Sabogal, Faigeles, and Catania, 1993; Grinstead, Faigeles, Binson, and Eversley, 1993; Catania, Coates, Golden, Dolcini, Peterson, Kegeles, Siegel, and Fullilove, 1994; Nguyet, Maheux, Beland, and Pica, 1994; Binson, Dolcini, Pollack, and Catania, 1993 and Douglas, et al., 1997). Among sexually experienced college students in 1995 only 38% reported always using a condom (Douglas, Collins, et al., 1997). Likewise, a 1991 national survey of men 20-39 found that only 26.5% of sexually active men had used a condom during the last four weeks and even among unmarried men with no regular sexual partner only 46% had used a condom during the prior month (Tanfer, Grady, Klepinger, and Billy, 1993, see also, Grady, Klepinger, Billy, and Tanfer, 1993 and Catania, et al, 1992). Similarly, among unmarried women 15-44 in 1990 with 2+ partners in the last 3 months only 16% always used condoms and 39% never did (Mosher and Pratt, 1993). Also, among both men and women 18-24 in 1996 whose most recent sexual partner was not someone they were in an ongoing relationship with only 56% had used a condom (Smith, 1998).
 * Tom W. Smith, “American Sexual Behavior: Trends, Socio-Demographic Differences, and Risk Behavior” National Opinion Research Center University of Chicago GSS Topical Report No. 25 (Updated March, 2006), pp.25-26


 * Condom use is higher among socio-demographic groups that have multiple, sexual partners and less committed and on-going relationships with sexual partners. Condoms are used more frequently by Blacks, the young and never married, residents of large cities, those with lower incomes, and those who attend church less regularly (Table 19). Condom use is also somewhat lower among those with graduate degrees. Men tend to report greater condom use than do women (especially among teens), but both men and women agree on the trends and general patterns reported here (Divs. of Reproductive Health and Adolescent and School Health, 1992; Leigh, Temple, and Trocki, 1993; Marin, Gomez, and Hearst, 1993; Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, and Michaels, 1994; Leigh, Morrison, Trocki, and Temple, 1994; Douglas, Collins, et al., 1997; and Santelli, et al., 1997). Among adults 22% of men and 18% of women reported using a condom the most recent time they had sex (Table 19). Condom use declines among youths and young adults as they age (Table 19; Sonenstein and Pleck, 1997 and Reitman, et al., 1996). This is believed to be largely because sexual relationships become more established and enduring. However, this connection has not been well-established in the studies to date.
 * Tom W. Smith, “American Sexual Behavior: Trends, Socio-Demographic Differences, and Risk Behavior” National Opinion Research Center University of Chicago GSS Topical Report No. 25 (Updated March, 2006), p.26


 * Condom use also varies by status of sexual partner. A 1991 study of Hispanic adults and of non-Hispanic White adults living near Hispanics in the Northeast and Southwest indicated that even among those with two or more sexual partners only about 50% always used a condom with their secondary sexual partner(s) (Marin, Gomez, and Hearst, 1993). In addition, condom use is often notably lower among primary partners (i.e. spouse, cohabiting partner, or regular sexual partner) than among secondary partners (Leigh, Temple, and Trocki, 1993; Marin, Gomez, and Hearst, 1993; Ehrhardt, Yingling, and Warne, 1991; Dolcini, et al., 1993; Lansky, Thomas, and Earp, 1998; Albert, Warner, and Hatcher, 1998; Rietmeijer, et al., 1998; and Miller, Turner, and Moses, 1990. But in contrast see Soskolne, Aral, Magder, Reed, and Bowen, 1987). This increases the chance of spreading AIDS and STDs to one's primary sexual partner.
 * Tom W. Smith, “American Sexual Behavior: Trends, Socio-Demographic Differences, and Risk Behavior” National Opinion Research Center University of Chicago GSS Topical Report No. 25 (Updated March, 2006), p.26


 * Even though many men complain that condoms reduce their levels of sensation and sexual pleasure during sexual intercourse, latex rubber condoms when used correctly do in most cases block the trans-mission of sperm and infectious agents between sex partners. Condoms were used as disease prevention devices as early as the 16th century, with animal tissue condoms advertised in Europe by the 18th century for both disease prevention and contraception. Early condoms were tied on with ribbons and reusable. Rubber condoms were developed in 1843. When the use of these latter devices against sexually transmitted disease was first mentioned in the Australian medical press in 1870, however, critics cried that condoms would only encourage immorality. Thinner latex rubber condoms were developed in the 1930s. Condoms and other contraceptives became widely available in Australia by the late 19th century. The author discusses the history of the condom and some other methods of safe sex in sections on the condom, contraceptives, morals, population concerns, restriction of condom availability and promotion, chemical disease preventives, the history of chemical prophylaxis, prophylaxis for soldiers and civilians, the prophylaxis debate, prophylaxis in Australia, and safer sex now.
 * D Tibbits, “Safer sex now and then”, Med J Aust. 1994 Jul 4;161(1):83-4, 86-7.


 * The Catholic bishops of South Africa, Botswana, and Swaziland categorically regard the widespread and indiscriminate promotion of condoms as an immoral and misguided weapon in our battle against HIV/AIDS for the following reasons. The use of condoms goes against human dignity. Con-doms change the beautiful act of love into a selfish search for pleasure-while rejecting responsibility. Condoms do not guarantee protection against HIV/AIDS. Condoms may even be one of the main reasons for the spread of HIV/AIDS.
 * Family Values Versus Safe Sex, Vatican, (2003);as qtd. in Alsan, Marcella (April 2006). "The Church & AIDS in Africa: Condoms & the Culture of Life". Commonweal: A Review of Religion, Politics, and Culture. 133 (8). Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2006-11-28.

"The Church & AIDS in Africa: Condoms & the Culture of Life" (April 2006)
Alsan, Marcella (April 2006). "The Church & AIDS in Africa: Condoms & the Culture of Life". Commonweal: A Review of Religion, Politics, and Culture. 133 (8). Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
 * In the midst of the AIDS epidemic, which has already killed tens of millions and preys disproportionately on the poor, the condom acts as a contra mortem and its use is justified by the Catholic consistent ethic of life. At least, this is the view of many Catholics at the front lines of the global HIV battle. Catholic organizations mercifully provide around 25 percent of the care AIDS victims receive worldwide. Many of the clergy and laity involved in treating people with AIDS, who otherwise fully ascribe to the church’s teachings on sexual ethics and the sanctity of marriage, nevertheless endorse the use of condoms. They argue that the preservation of human life is paramount. Fr. Valeriano Paitoni, working in São Paulo, Brazil, summarized this perspective: “AIDS is a world epidemic, a public-health problem that must be confronted with scientific advances and methods that have proven effective,” he says. “Rejecting condom use is to oppose the fight for life.”
 * Bishop Kevin Dowling of South Africa has also been imploring the Vatican to view condom use as curtailing the transmission of death rather than precluding the transmission of life. In South Africa, 5.3 million people are infected with HIV and 25 percent of all pregnant women test positive for the virus. Dowling prays that the Holy Spirit will intervene to change minds in Rome. He believes Pope Benedict XVI’s view on the use of condoms would change, “if his visits to poor countries were done in such a way that he could sit in a shack and see a young mother dying of AIDS with her baby.” Not long ago, Belgian Cardinal Godfried Danneels stated on Dutch television that although sex with a person infected with HIV is to be avoided, “if it should take place, the person must use a condom in order not to disobey the commandment condemning murder, in addition to breaking the commandment which forbids adultery.” He added: “Protecting oneself against sickness or death is an act of prevention. Morally, it cannot be judged on the same level as when a condom is used to reduce the number of births.”
 * Although it is true that condoms are not 100-percent effective in preventing HIV infection, they do reduce the risk of transmission significantly. Comparing condom use to a suicidal dare, as Cardinal Trujillo does, is scientifically inaccurate and socially irresponsible. A preponderance of medical research demonstrates that condoms help prevent the spread of HIV. For example, the European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV  followed 124 discordant couples (in which only one of the pair is infected with HIV) who consistently used condoms. Over a two-year period and roughly fifteen thousand sexual acts, none of the HIV-negative partners contracted the virus. Thai investigators examining the impact of condom use among the military reported that new infections dropped from 12.5 percent in 1993 to 6.7 percent in 1995. The number of new HIV infections in Thailand plummeted after the introduction of a “100-percent condom use” program. Uganda earned its reputation as a paragon of HIV prevention for its now-famous ABC program: Abstain, Be faithful, and Consistent, Correct use of Condoms. Following the implementation of ABC, HIV infection in Uganda decreased from between 15 and 20 percent of the population in the early 1990s to 5 percent in 2003. A comparative analysis of Ugandan population-based surveys in 1989 and 1995 concluded that delaying the age of first sexual encounters, decreasing the number of casual partners, and increasing condom use all contributed to Uganda’s success.
 * Benedict XVI made his first comments as pope regarding condom use at a June 2005 papal audience. His listeners included bishops from South Africa, Swaziland, Botswana, Namibia, and Lesotho. After reviewing the importance of catechesis and recruiting African men to the priesthood, the pope turned his attention to AIDS: “It is of great concern that the fabric of African life, its very source of hope and stability, is threatened by divorce, abortion, prostitution, human trafficking, and a contraception mentality.” He emphasized that contraception leads to a “breakdown in sexual morality.” In the speech, the pope made a diagnosis: condoms increase sexual immorality, and sexual immorality increases the spread of AIDS. The logical treatment for sexual immorality is Christian marriage, fidelity, and chastity. Cardinal Javier Lozano Barragan, president of the Vatican’s Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers, had reached a similar conclusion in his  Message for World AIDS Day (December 1, 2003): “We have to present this [lifestyles emphasizing marriage, fidelity, and chastity] as the main way for the effective prevention of infection and spread of HIV/AIDS, since the phenomenon of AIDS is a pathology of the spirit.”

“The story of the condom” (Jan-Mar 2013 )
Fahd Khan, Saheel Mukhtar, Ian K. Dickinson, and Seshadri Sriprasad; “The story of the condom”, Indian J Urol. 2013 Jan-Mar; 29(1): 12–15
 * Condoms have been a subject of curiosity throughout history. The idea of safer sex has been explored in ancient and modern history, and has been used to prevent venereal diseases. We conducted a historical and medical review of condoms using primary and secondary sources as well as using the RSM library and the internet. These resources show that the first use of a condom was that of King Minos of Crete. Pasiphae, his wife, employed a goat's bladder in the vagina so that King Minos would not be able to harm her as his semen was said to contain “scorpions and serpents” that killed his mistresses. To Egyptians, condom-like glans caps were dyed in different colours to distinguish between different classes of people and to protect themselves against bilharzia. The Ancient Romans used the bladders of animals to protect the woman; they were worn not to prevent pregnancy but to prevent contraction of venereal diseases. Charles Goodyear, the inventor, utilized vulcanization, the process of transforming rubber into malleable structures, to produce latex condoms. The greater use of condoms all over the world in the 20th and 21st centuries has been related to HIV. This account of the use of condoms demonstrates how a primitive idea turned into an object that is used globally with a forecast estimated at 18 billion condoms to be used in 2015 alone.
 * From Ancient Greeks to wartime procedures, condoms have been deployed in pursuit of contraceptive measures as well as presentation of an individual in public hierarchy. Exploring the humble and primitive beginnings of this object and its evolution with time allows us to observe and appreciate the medical knowledge of the civilizations that have preceded the modern world today.
 * The first known documentation of the “condom” was that of King Minos of Crete in about 3000 B.C. King Minos, who ruled Knossos, was a figure of history from the Bronze Age. He was referenced in various manuscripts including the famous Illiad by Homer. Minos, the father of the Minotaur, was said to have “serpents and scorpions” in his semen. His mistresses died after having intercourse with him. In order to protect himself and his partners, which included his wife Pasiphae, the bladder of a goat was introduced into the woman's vagina which protected the woman from disease. Prokris, King Minos' subject, understood the sadness for Minos not being able to produce an heir; upon introduction of the sheath, significant results were shown. It is said that Pasiphae had given birth to eight children after the use of the goat's bladder. It is a subject of controversy that the bladder was inserted into the woman. Another argument brought about is that the goat's bladder was worn by Minos himself and not Pasiphae.
 * The Ancient Egyptians were one of the first civilizations to use sheaths. Egyptians were known to have a very ritualistic culture which used symbols and calligraphy to denote objective and subjective communication. For protection during intercourse, evidence from about 1000 C.E. states that linen sheaths were used, specifically to prevent tropical diseases like bilharzia. Furthermore, Egyptian men wore colored sheaths to distinguish social status within their complex hierarchy.
 * The Ancient Roman civilization influenced the modern world in many ways, including architecture, government, philosophy, language, and even condoms. Romans were very keen on the development of public health, since diseases were prevalent as the empire spread throughout the Mediterranean world and beyond. Health was attributed by the people to the goddess Hygieia, who was the daughter of the god of medicine, Asclepius. The Romans did not acknowledge the contraceptive perspective of the use of bladders of animals, but they took keen interest in its effects in public health and prevention of venereal diseases such as syphilis. Little did they know that employment of the sheaths made of bladder would also be contraception; this can be seen as some-thing that stands out or is even contradictory of the Romans due to their evident appearance as a very wise and learned empire. The condoms used in Ancient Rome were made of linen and animal (sheep and goat) intestine or bladder. It is possible that they used muscle tissue from dead combatants but no hard evidence for this exists.
 * The archaic Djukas tribe that inhabited New Guinea developed its own idea of the condom. They designed a distinct type of female condom that contrasts deeply with other examples in history whether it may be the Egyptians, Romans, or Greeks. A female sheath made from a specific plant was introduced into the vagina prior to intercourse to prevent conception. The sheath was de-scribed as six inches long, chalice shaped so that one end was open and the other closed. The pressure exerted by the vagina helped to keep the sheath in a fixed position.
 * [T]he Chinese civilization, with their expertise in silk, fashioned sheaths from silk paper that were applied with an oil lubrication. Sheaths became more prevalent as disease and plague spread through the East from Central Europe. The Japanese civilization utilized the Kabuta-Gata, which was a shell that was used to cover the glans. It was made of tortoise shell but occasionally with leather. The Kabuta-Gata could also be used as a supplement to those who suffered from erectile dysfunction.
 * Gabriele Falloppio, the prominent Italian anatomist accredited with describing the Fallopian tube, made contributions to the condom. In the book De Morbo Gallico, literally “The French Disease,” he describes a sheath of linen used for protection against syphilis. The sheath which covered the glans was fastened with a ribbon; it was also lubricated with saliva. His experiments on 1100 men showed that the sheath protected all from contracting the disease. The sheaths from this time period were also made of lamb and goat intestines. They were crafted by butchers, who understood the high tensile strength associated with the respective intestines. During the 17th century, the use of condoms as a contraceptive was well documented. The fertility rate in England has significantly reduced due to employment of sheaths made of intestines and bladder. The Jesuit, Leonardus Lessius stated that the use of sheaths was a sin, and was unethical. The Jesuits were known to be members of the Counter Reformation which was set out to re-establish the Church's influence on personal, cultural, and scientific matters in Christian Europe.
 * Evidence discovered in Dudley Castle, near Birmingham, England, suggests the use of sheaths made of fish and animal intestine dating to about 1640. During the English Civil War, the forces of King Charles I contracted syphilis from the periodic use of prostitutes. Condoms of fish, cattle, and sheep intestine were deployed to the army to reduce transmission of syphillis, since the disease was a common cause of soldier fatality at the time. King Charles II became troubled by the number of illegitimate children belonging or associated with him. To stop these illegitimate conceptions, his doctor prescribed a sheath made of lamb intestine. The doctor, known as Colonel Condom, prescribed this with prior knowledge that sheaths were used to prevent venereal disease transmission. The etymology of the word condom is said to have been named after this doctor. Other theories include the Latin word “condus,” which means receptacle or vessel, and the Persian word “kemdu,” which refers to a long piece of intestine used for storage. The theory of the origin of the condom being from England and France is in dispute between both countries. The French associate it with the English, referring to the device as Redingote Anglaise or English raincoat, whereas the English refer to it as the “French Letter.” The word “Condom,” first took appearance in the diary of a physician, Daniel Turner, and it later became official when the word could be found in a dictionary de-tailing vernacular language in the city of London in 1785.
 * The veneration of the word “Condom” was responsible for its subsequent popularity starting from the 18th century. Brothels sold them to customers before they had relations with their prostitutes. Giacomo Casanova, an Italian traveler from a prominent Venetian family, has his own story of his experience with the condom, which can be found in his memoir, “Histoire de ma vie.” In his younger years, Casanova was not too open to using the condom, which he referred to as a “dead animal skin.” Condoms in the 18th century commonly underwent the administration of sulfur or lye to help smoothen the sheath of intestine. Casanova, at a later point in his life, started using condoms after he understood their ability of protection from disease. He used to inflate them prior to use in order to test for any leaks; this was seen as an original example of monitoring whether the condom was fit for use. Condoms started to be sold wholesale in the late 18th century, and businesses such as those of a certain Mrs. Phillips became prominent in London, where she opened a warehouse in the Strand. By the 19th century, linen condoms were out of touch, due to them being less comfortable than the animal sheaths, and their development stopped. Condoms prior to the 19th century were used by the more affluent population because the lower classes were not well acquainted with the knowledge of venereal diseases, and condoms themselves could be seen as quite expense for low incoming personnel and harlots.
 * In the 1920s, latex was invented. Latex is formed when rubber is dispersed in water. Latex was the revelation that transformed condoms into what they are today. They now have a very high tensile strength and can now be stretched up to eight times before they fail. In more modern conditions, rubber latex condoms can be produced at a swift rate of 3000 per hour and can be lubricated with spermicide and even flavored. America and European nations became open to contraception after World War II, in the late 1940s. The discovery of AIDS as a sexually transmitted disease in the 1980s brought about the popularity of condoms as a contraceptive and as a use of prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. They now developing countries. The modern world gained an improved under-standing of venereal diseases as it was incorporated in health education in schools, in social magazines, and government programs promoting safe sex. The transformation of the condom, from a piece of bladder to a small, simple latex kind with high flexibility, is one that can be looked at from a medical, scientific, and social view point. The medical knowledge of time periods before ours can be looked at from the analysis of their methods of contraception and venereal disease prevention. An essential conclusion that can be drawn from this medical history is that civilization has always had a way to deal with its problems in birth control and sexually transmitted diseases, as it has affected people of all race, color, creed, and religion. This progressive device has gained such popularity that a forecast of 18 billion condoms is predicted to be used in the year 2015 alone.

“A History of Birth Control Methods“, Planned Parenthood

 * The earliest known illustration of a man using a condom during sexual intercourse is painted on the wall of a cave in France. It is 12,000–15,000 years old (Parisot, 1987). Another ancient illustration of a condom was found in Egypt, and it is more than 3,000 years old. It is difficult to judge from the drawing, however, what the ancient Egyptian wearing the condom had in mind. He may have worn it for sexual or ritual reasons ⎯or both (Parisot, 1985).
 * p.5


 * The oldest condoms were found in the foundations of Dudley Castle in England. They were made of animal gut and dated back to 1640 (Parisot, 1985). They were probably used to reduce the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections during the war between the forces of Olier Cromwell and soldiers loyal to King Charles I. In the 18th century, the famous womanizer Casanova wore condoms made of linen (Grimes, 2000). Rubber condoms were mass-produced after 1843, when Charles Goodyear patented the vulcanization of rubber, which he invented five years before (Chesler, 1992; Valdiserri, 1988). Condoms made of sheep’s intestines are still available. They are now disposable and should only be used once. The American Social Hygiene Association fought hard to prohibit condom use in the early part of this century. Social hygienists believed that anyone who risked getting “venereal” diseases should suffer the consequences, including American doughboys ⎯U.S. soldiers who fought in World War I. The  American Expeditionary Forces, as our army was called, were denied the use of condoms, so it is not surprising that by the end of the war our troops had very high rates of sexually transmitted infections. Like most people throughout history, our “boys” were just unable to “just say ‘no’” (Brandt, 1985). The Secretary of the Navy at that time was only one of many military leaders who believed that condom use and other infection prevention methods were immoral and “unchristian.” It was a young Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who, when his boss was away from the office, decided to help sailors treat infections that they could have otherwise prevented with condoms. FDR ordered the distribution of prophylactic kits that contained chemicals to wash and insert into the penis to treat gonorrhea and syphilis (Brandt, 1985). One of the challenges that Margaret Sanger faced as she fought for women’s right to use birth control was the double standard regarding condom use. Doctors were allowed to “prescribe” condoms to protect men from syphilis and gonorrhea when they had premarital or extramarital sexual intercourse. The men could not, however, get condoms to protect their wives from unintended pregnancy (Brandt, 1985; Valdiserri, 1988).
 * p.5


 * By 1924, the condom was the most commonly prescribed method of birth control (Tone, 2001), and by World War II, military leaders had a more realistic attitude about condoms. Concerned that "our boys" would bring home diseases and infect their wives, they aggressively promoted the use of condoms. Government training films urged soldiers "Don't forget ⎯put it on before you put it in."
 * pp. 5-6


 * The sexual revolution of the 60’s almost put an end to condom use. “Good girls” were willing sex partners, so fewer men turned to professional sex workers, the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections – gonorrhea and syphilis – were easily treated, and the pill and IUD provided the most effective reversible contraception the world had seen (Valdiserri, 1988). When the virus that can cause AIDS was identified, it became clear that condom use and other methods of safer sex could stem the epidemic.
 * p.6